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// Print out the generated hash code. Console.WriteLine("Hash code of MyData.txt"); foreach (byte x in fileHashValue) Console.Write("{0:X2} ", x); fs.Close(); Console.ReadLine(); } Notice how hash values are represented using a simple array of bytes. Therefore, if MyData.txt contained thousands of lines of text, the entire contents might be represented as: 79 DC DA F4 5B F6 5C 0B B0 DA 9D 45 C6 AE 29 F8 If you were to change even a single character within MyData.txt, the new hash code will be entirely unique: B3 E3 DD 14 96 2D D2 EB 0E C3 68 BF 08 04 D5 80 Again, using hash codes you re able to represent sensitive data as a unique byte array that contains no trace of the original message data. In a distributed system, one of the most common uses of this technology is for the purposes of storing password information. By storing a user s password in a hash code format, you increase the security of your system given that this numerical value has no trace of the original password. When the end user attempts to log into your system again, you simply rehash the message and perform a comparison against the persisted value.

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The type 'a ref is actually a synonym for a type Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Ref<'a> defined in this way.

Consider three stand-alone procedures, p1, p2 , and p3, such that p2 invokes p1 and p3 invokes p2: benchmark@ORA10G> create or replace procedure p1 2 as 3 begin 4 dbms_output.put_line( 'p1' ); 5 end; 6 / Procedure created.

It is useful to know which data structures are mutable and which are not If a data structure can be mutated, then this will typically be evident in the types of the operations you can perform on that structure For example, if a data structure Table<'Key,'Value> has an operation like the following, then in practice you can be sure that updates to the data structure modify the data structure itself: val add : Table<'Key,'Value> -> 'Key -> 'Value -> unit That is, the updates to the data structure are destructive, and no value is returned from the operation; the result is the type unit, which is akin to void in C and many other languages.

Note Many hash code algorithms also enable you to specify a salt value. Simply put, salting is the process of incorporating a random value to the input of the hash algorithm, in order to further ensure a strong hash.

benchmark@ORA10G> create or replace procedure p2 2 as 3 begin 4 p1; 5 dbms_output.put_line( 'p2' ); 6 end; 7 / Procedure created. benchmark@ORA10G> create or replace procedure p3 2 as 3 begin 4 p2; 5 dbms_output.put_line( 'p3' ); 6 end; 7 / Procedure created. The dependency chain refers to the fact that p2 depends on p1 and p3 depends on p2. Note that p3 also depends on p1 indirectly. Oracle maintains information in its data dictionary about this dependency chain. Note that this dependency chain may also include schema objects such as tables, views, etc. used by a procedure. Now each time procedure code is changed and recompiled, or a table accessed by the procedure is altered, Oracle makes all the dependent objects invalid in the database. An example will make this clear. Let s first examine the status (valid or invalid) of each of the procedures in the database: benchmark@ORA10G> select object_name, object_type, status 2 from all_objects 3 where object_name in( 'P1', 'P2', 'P3' ) 4 and owner = 'BENCHMARK'; OBJECT_NAME -----------------------------P1 P2 P3 OBJECT_TYPE ------------------PROCEDURE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE STATUS ------VALID VALID VALID

Likewise, the following member indicates the data structure is almost certainly mutable: member Add : 'Key * 'Value -> unit In both cases, the presence of unit as a return type is a sure sign that an operation performs some imperative side effects In contrast, operations on immutable data structures typically return a new instance of the data structure when an operation such as add is performed For example: val add : 'Key -> 'Value -> Table<'Key,'Value> -> Table<'Key,'Value> Or for example: member Add : 'Key * 'Value -> Table<'Key,'Value> As discussed in 3, immutable data structures are also called functional or persistent The latter name is used because the original table is not modified when adding an element.